Questions Answers

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

I. Choose the best answer.

1. If we apply force against the direction of motion of the body, then the body will

a. stop moving

b. move with an increased speed

c. move with a decreased speed

d. move in a different direction

[Answer: (a) stop moving]

2. Pressure exerted by a liquid is increased by

a. the density of the liquid

b the height of the liquid column

c. Both a and b

d. None of the above

[Answer: (c) Both (a) & (b)]

3. Unit of pressure is

a. Pascal

b. Nm^–2

 c. Poise

d. Both a and b

[Answer: (d) Both (a) & (b)]

4. The value of the atmospheric pressure at sea level is

a. 76 cm of mercury column

b. 760 cm of mercury column

c. 176 cm of mercury column

d. 7.6 cm of mercury column

[Answer: (a) 76 cm of mercury column]

5. Pascal’s law is used in

 a. hydraulic lift

 b. brake system

 c. pressing heavy bundles

d. All the above

[Answer: (d) All the above]

6. Which of the following liquids has more viscosity?

a. Grease

b. Water

c. Coconut oil

d. Ghee

[Answer: (a) Grease]

7. The unit of viscosity is

a. Nm²

b. poise 

c. kgms^–1

d. No unit

[Answer: (b) poise]

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The pressure of a liquid column increases with the depth of the column.

2. Hydraulic lift works under the principle of Pascal’s Law.

3. The property of surface tension of a liquid surface enables the water droplets to move upward in plants.

4. A simple barometer was first constructed by Torricelli.

III. State true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. Force acting on a given area is called pressure. [Answer: True]

2. A moving body comes to rest due to friction alone. [Answer: True]

3. A body will sink if the weight of the body is greater than the buoyant force. [Answer: True]

4. One atmosphere is equivalent to 1,00,000 newton force acting on one square metre. [Answer: True]

5. Rolling friction is slightly greater than the sliding friction. [ Answer: False]

6. Friction is the only reason for the loss of energy. [Answer: True]

Correct statement: Rolling friction is slightly lesser than the sliding friction. 

7. Liquid pressure decreases with the decrease of depth. [Answer: True]

8. Viscosity depends on the pressure of a liquid. [Answer: True]

IV. Match the following.

a.

 Static friction - Viscosity

 Kinetic friction - Least friction

 Rolling friction - Objects are in motion

 Friction between the liquid layers - Objects are sliding

Sliding friction - Objects are at rest

[Answer: i-e, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a, v-d]

i. Static friction (e) objects are at rest

ii. Kinetic friction (c) objects are in motion

iii. Rolling friction (b) least friction

iv. Friction between the liquid layers (a) viscosity

V. Sliding friction (d) objects are sliding

b.

 Barometer - reduce friction

 Increasing area of contact - Atmospheric pressure

 Decreasing area of contact - cause of friction

 Lubricants - increases friction

 Irregular surface - decreases friction

[Ans : i - b, ii - d, iii - e, iv - a, v - c]

i. Barometer (b) atmospheric pressure

ii. Increase friction (d) increasing area of contact

iii. Decrease friction (e) decreasing area of contact

iv. Lubricants (a) reduce friction

v. Irregular surface (c) cause of friction

V. Complete the analogy.

1. Knot in a thread : Static friction :: Ball bearing : rolling friction

2. Downward force : Weight :: Upward force offered by liquid : Buoyant force

VI. Numerical Problem.

1. A stone weighs 500 N. Calculate the pressure exerted by it, if it makes contact with a surface of area 25 cm².

Answer:

Given : Weight of a stone F = 500 N

Area A=25 cm² = 25 × 10^-4 m²

To find : Pressure P =?

Formula : Pressure P = F/A

= 500 / [25×10^-4]

Solution:

Pressure P = 20 × 10⁴ Nm^-2 (or) 20 × 10⁴ Pa

2. In a hydraulic lift, the surface area of the input piston is 10 cm2. The surface area of the output piston is 3000 cm2. A 100 N force applied to the input piston raises the output piston. Calculate the force required to raise the output piston.

Answer:

Solution :

Pressure input on piston,

P = F/A

= 100/ [10×10^-4] = 10⁵ N

According to Pascal’s law

P= F/A

10⁵ =  F / [3000×10^-4 ] = [ F×10⁴ ] / 3000

10⁴ × F = 10⁵ × 3000

F = 3000 × 10¹

F = 3 × 10⁴N

VII. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct option.

a. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

b. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

c. Assertion is true, but reason is false.

d. Both assertion and reason are false.

1. Assertion: Sharp knives are used to cut the vegetables.

Reason: Sharp edges exert more pressure.

[Answer: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion]

2. Assertion: Broad straps are used in bags.

Reason: Broad straps last for long.

[Answer: (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion]

Correct explanation: The weight of the bags falls on larger area of shoulder. So lesser pressure is produced.

3. Assertion: Water strider slides easily on the surface of water.

Reason: Water strider experiences less buoyant force.

[Answer: (b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion]

Correct explanation: It is due to the surface tension of water.

VIII. Answer very briefly.

1. Give two examples to verify that a force changes the shape of a body.

Answer:

Force can change the static condition of a body.

(i) If you squeeze a sponge, its shape changes.

(ii) If you pull a rubber band, it becomes longer.

2. Give two examples to verify that a force tends to change the static condition of a body.

Answer: Force can change the static condition of a body.

(i) A rest rubber ball begins to move, when a force applied on it.

(ii) Player applies a force on the stationary football while taking a penalty kick in football match. The force applied by player makes the football move towards the goal.

3. How do you feel when you touch a nail immediately after it is hammered into a wooden plank? Why?

Answer: The nail becomes hot due to friction. Friction changes kinetic energy to heat.

4. How does the friction arise between the surfaces of two bodies in relative motion?

Answer: The force of friction is arised by the interlocking of the irregularities of the two surfaces.

5. Name two instruments which help to measure the pressure of a fluid.

Answer: 

(i) Manometer

(ii) Pressure gauge.

6. Define one atmosphere.

Answer: The pressure exerted by the mercury column is considered as the pressure of magnitude ‘one atmosphere’ (1 atm).

7. Why are heavy bags provided with broad straps?

Answer: Broader straps are provided on a back-pack for giving less pressure on the shoulders by providing a larger area of contact with the shoulder.

8. How does surface tension help a plant?

Answer: Water molecules rise up due to surface tension. Xylem tissues are very narrow vessels present in plants. Water molecules are absorbed by the roots and these vessels help the water to rise upward due to “capillarity action” which is caused by the surface tension of water.

9. Which has greater viscosity, oil or honey? Why?

Answer: Honey has greater viscosity.

Reason: Thicker liquids are more viscous than thinner liquids. As honey has greater viscosity, more frictional force will be acting on it.

IX. Answer briefly.

1. Define friction. Give two examples of the utility of friction in day to day life.

Answer:

Friction : Friction is a force that slows down moving objects or prevents stationary objects from moving.

Examples of the utility of friction in day to day life.

(i) Cars and buses are able to move safely on the road because of friction between the treaded tyres and the surface of the road.

(ii) We are able to write on paper only with the help of friction between the pencil or pen and paper.

2. Mention any three ways of minimising friction.

Answer:

(i) By using lubricants : These are applied to surfaces to reduce the friction between the surfaces.

Ex : Oil, wax, grease and castor oil.

(ii) With the help of polishing the surface :

We sprinkle fine powder on the carrom board and then we polish its surface to make smooth so that the striker slides easily on the surface.

(iii) By using ball bearing :

We use leadshots in bearing of a cycle hub because rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction.

3. State Pascal’s law and mention its applications.

Answer:

(i) In an automobile service station, the vehicles are lifted upward using the hydraulic lift, which works as per Pascal’s law.

(ii) The automobile brake system works according to Pascal’s law.

(iii) The hydraulic press is used to make the compressed bundles of cotton or cloth so as to occupy less space.

4. Why is a ball bearing used in a cycle hub?

Answer: The rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction, sliding is replaced by rolling with the usage of ball bearings. So lead shots are used in the bearing of a cycle hub to reduce the friction.

X. Answer in detail.

1. Friction is a necessary evil - Explain.

Answer:

Friction is a necessity in most of our day to day activities. It is desirable in most situations of our daily life.

(i) We can hold any object in our hand due to friction.

(ii) We can walk on the road because of friction. The footwear and the ground help us to .walk without slipping.

(iii) Writing easily with a pen on paper is due to friction.

(iv) Automobiles can move safely due to friction between the tyres and the road. Brakes can be applied due to frictional resistance on brake shoes.

(v) We are able to light a matchstick, sew clothes, tie a knot or fix a nail in the wall because of friction.

Though it is giving a negative effect, in most of our day to day life friction helps us to make our life easy. So, it is called as “necessary evil”.

Disadvantages of friction :

(i) Friction wears out the surfaces rubbing with each other, like screws and gears in machines or soles of shoes.

(ii) To overcome the friction an excess amount of effort has to be given to operate a machine. This leads to wastage of energy.

2. Give the different types of friction and explain each with an example.

Answer:

Friction can be classified into two basic types:

(i) Static friction

(ii) Kinetic friction.

(i) Static friction: The friction experienced by the bodies, which are at rest is called static friction. (E.g : All the objects rigidly placed to be at rest on the Earth, a knot in a thread.)

(ii) Kinetic friction: Friction existing during the motion of bodies is called kinetic friction.

Further, kinetic friction can be classified into two:

(i) Sliding friction

(ii) Rolling friction.

(i) Sliding friction: When a body slides over the surface of another body, the friction acting between the surfaces in contact is called sliding friction.

(ii) Rolling friction: When a body rolls over another surface, the friction acting between the surfaces in contact is called rolling friction.

Rolling friction is less than sliding friction. That is why wheels are provided in vehicles, trolleys, suitcases etc.

3. Describe an experiment to prove that friction depends on the nature of a surface.

Answer:

To understand about the frictional force between the layers of liquid in motion.

Materials required: Different kinds of liquid (coconut oil, honey, water, ghee), glass plates - 4 nos.

Procedure :

(i) Take a small quantity of different kinds of liquid like coconut oil, honey, water and ghee etc., in a cup.

(ii) Place one drop of each liquid on a separate glass plate.

(iii) Next, gently raise one end of the glass plate, one by one, so as to allow the liquid to slide down the smooth surface of the plate.

(iv) Observe the speed of each liquid.

Observation: Each liquid moves with a different speed. Water flows faster than other liquids. Coconut oil flows with a moderate speed. Ghee flows very slowly.

 Inference: Between the layers of each liquid, in motion, there is a frictional force parallel to the layers of the liquid. This frictional force opposes the motion of the liquid layers while they are in motion.

4. Explain how friction can be minimised.

Answer:

(i) Using lubricants :

(1) A substance, which reduces the frictional force, is called a lubricant.

E.g : Grease, coconut oil, graphite, castor oil, etc.

(2) The lubricants fill up the gaps in the irregular surfaces between the bodies in contact. This provides a smooth layer thus preventing a direct contact between their rough surfaces.

(ii) Using ball bearing :

Since, the rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction, sliding is replaced by rolling with the usage of ball bearings. We can see lead shots in the bearing of a cycle hub.

5. Describe an experiment to prove that the pressure in a liquid increases with depth.

Answer: Take a plastic bottle. Punch three holes on its side in the same direction, but at different heights. Now pour some water into it and let it flow through the holes. Observe the flow of water.

Inference : The water comes out from all the holes with a different force and falls on the table at points that are at variable distances from the bottle. Water from the lowest hole comes out with the greatest force and falls at a point that is at the maximum distance from the bottle. Water from the topmost hole comes out with the least force and falls at the point that is at the minimum distance from the bottle.

Reason: This activity confirms that the pressure in a liquid varies with the depth of the point of observation in it.

XI. Higher Order Thinking Questions.

1. Why is it not advisable to use a fountain pen while travelling in an aeroplane?

Answer: Fountain pens are built in such a way that the pressure inside them balances the atmospheric pressure at sea level. Since atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in height above sea level, the pressure inside the pen turns out to be much greater than the air pressure in an aeroplane and the pen stalls leaking.

2. Is there any possibility of making a special device to measure the magnitude of friction directly?

Answer: Yes. Tribometer is a special device to measure the magnitude of friction directly.

3. Vidhya feels that mercury is costly. So, instead of mercury she wants to use water as a barometric liquid. Explain the difficulty of constructing a water barometer.

Answer:

(i) Mercury is commonly used in barometers because of its high density means the height of the column can be a reasonable size to measure atmospheric pressure.

(ii) A barometer using water, for instance, would need to be 13.6 times taller than a mercury barometer to obtain the same pressure difference.

(iii) This is because mercury is 13.6 times more dense than water.

XII. Project Work.

Observe the devices, gadgets or things around you. List out the types of friction involved in each device. How would you minimise the friction? Record your observations and discuss your results with your classmates.